Finding a dependable Qustodio alternative 2026 isn’t just about price — it’s about matching your family’s exact digital safety needs. While Qustodio remains a market leader, not every household requires its full premium suite. Some parents want a simpler, budget-friendly option; others need advanced content filtering or better Android support.
That’s why we tested and ranked the best alternatives to Qustodio in 2026, covering everything from all-in-one premium suites to free tools that still deliver solid online protection.
⏳ Do you want to skip the read and get right to my top pick? The best all round Qustodio Alternative for most people is Bark.
Key Takeaways
- 2026 Qustodio alternatives offer different strengths in pricing, ease of use, and platform coverage.
- Kaspersky Safe Kids remains the most balanced, affordable substitute for most families.
- Norton Family and Net Nanny are strong choices for large families and advanced filtering.
- Free solutions like Google Family Link and iOS Screen Time cover basic parental needs without cost.
My Top Qustodio Parental Control Alternatives To Consider
As a tech enthusiast, I'm always exploring different parental control solutions to find versatile, trustworthy, and affordable alternatives to popular apps like Qustodio.
Qustodio remains one of the best all-around options, but depending on your priorities — whether advanced alerts, budget-friendliness, or platform integration — here are the top 10 Qustodio alternatives in 2026 worth considering:
- Bark – 🌟 My Top Pick! Uses AI to monitor 30+ platforms for signs of bullying, predators, or mental health concerns. Best for parents who want smart alerts without reading every message.
- Norton Family Premier Great for large families with multiple devices. Offers unlimited installations, detailed browsing history, and flexible time scheduling.
- Net Nanny A long-time leader known for real-time content filtering and strong web protection. Excellent choice for households prioritizing safe browsing.
- Kaspersky Safe Kids Combines affordability with core Qustodio-style tools like GPS tracking, web filtering, and screen-time scheduling. A solid budget alternative that’s privacy-compliant and easy to use.
- FamiSafe A powerful cross-platform option with geofencing, app blocking, and driving behavior reports. Ideal for parents managing multiple devices across iOS and Android.
- OurPact Simple and visual parental control interface — great for screen-time scheduling and app blocking. Especially popular with iOS families.
- iOS Screen Time Best native tool for Apple users. Offers app time limits, usage reports, and downtime scheduling — all built into iPhones and iPads for free.
- Google Family Link The best free Android parental control option. Enables app approvals, screen-time limits, and location sharing directly from your Google account.
- Norton Aura Family (formerly Aura Parental Controls)
An upcoming favorite that integrates cybersecurity and parental safety under one subscription.
Best for families that already use Aura for identity and device protection. - HomeGuard Activity Monitor Perfect for detail-oriented parents who want precise device activity logs and screenshots. Old-school interface but very powerful for desktop monitoring.
Choosing the right parental control software depends on your specific needs — like how much monitoring you want, the devices your family uses, and how much privacy you wish to maintain.
Each of these 2026 alternatives offers unique strengths, but Bark leads the list for its balance of safety, AI accuracy, and family trust.
Quick Comparison Table
This table compares the core parental control apps by pricing, free trial availability, key features, age suitability, supported platforms, and full review links.| Software | Pricing (Devices) | Free Plan / Trial | Key Features | Best For | Key Limitation | Supported Platforms | Review |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🏆 Qustodio (Editor’s Choice) | Basic $59.95/year for 5 devices; Complete $104.95/year for unlimited devices; Check Qustodio Pricing | Free plan plus 3-day Premium trial | 🕒 Screen-time limits and schedules 🌐 Web and app filtering 📍 Location monitoring 📊 Activity reports | Best overall balance of controls, visibility and family usability | Calls and message monitoring is Android-only; other features also vary by platform | 🪟 Windows, 🍎 macOS, 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android, Chromebook, Kindle Fire | Read Qustodio Review |
| Bark | Bark Premium $14/month or $99/year for unlimited children and devices; Check Bark Pricing | Free trial available; duration shown during signup | 🚨 Concerning-content alerts 💬 Text, email and social-app monitoring 🕒 Screen-time schedules 🌐 Website and app blocking | Best for behaviour-based safety alerts without routinely exposing every conversation | Available only in the US, Australia and South Africa; monitoring coverage varies considerably by device and account | 🪟 Windows, 🍎 macOS, 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android, Chromebook, Amazon Fire | Read Bark Review |
| Mobicip | From $2.99/month billed annually for 5 devices; Standard $4.99/month for 10 devices; Premium $7.99/month for 20 devices; Check Mobicip Pricing | 7-day free trial plus 30-day money-back guarantee | 🌐 Website and app blocking 🕒 Screen-time schedules 📍 Family location 📊 Activity and social-media reports | Best for mixed-device families wanting flexible device allowances | Social-media monitoring is narrower than Bark; some features require Standard or Premium | 🪟 Windows, 🍎 macOS, 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android, Chromebook, Kindle Fire | Read Mobicip Review |
| Norton Family | $49.99/year for unlimited devices; also included with selected Norton 360 plans; Check Norton Family Pricing | 30-day trial available in supported markets | 🌐 Web, search and video supervision 🕒 Time limits and schedules 📍 Location history and alerts 📊 Email activity reports | Best for large families and households already using Norton | A Mac can manage Norton Family but cannot be monitored as a child device; features differ across platforms | 🪟 Windows, 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android | Read Norton Family Review |
| Canopy | Individual $8.33/month billed annually for 3 devices; Family $9.99/month billed annually for 10 devices; Check Canopy Pricing | 7-day free trial plus 30-day money-back guarantee | 🌐 Real-time content filtering 🖼️ Sensitive-image detection 🚫 App and website blocking 🕒 Screen-time management | Best for filtering explicit images and web content | Primarily a filtering product; it does not provide Bark-style analysis across conversations and connected accounts | 🪟 Windows, 🍎 macOS, 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android, Chromebook | Read Canopy Review |
| Wondershare FamiSafe | From $4.99/month billed $59.99 annually for up to 10 devices; monthly plan $9.99 for up to 5 devices; Check FamiSafe Pricing | Free version for 1 device plus 3-day trial; 7-day money-back guarantee | 📍 Location and geofencing 🚗 Driving reports 🚫 App and website controls 🕒 Screen-time schedules | Best for families with teenagers and driving-safety needs | Advanced visibility features are platform-specific and should be used transparently with older children | 🪟 Windows, 🍎 macOS, 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android, Chromebook, Kindle Fire | Read FamiSafe Review |
| OurPact | From $5.83/month billed $69.99 annually for up to 20 child devices; Premium+ $99.99/year; Check OurPact Pricing | Free plan plus 14-day Premium or Premium+ trial | 📱 Detailed app rules 🕒 Screen-time schedules and allowances 📍 Live location and location alerts 📸 Screen snapshots with Premium+ | Best for app blocking and detailed schedules across iPhone and Android | Limited to mobile devices; Premium+ is required for screenshots and content monitoring, and initial pairing may require a computer | 📱 iOS, 🤖 Android | Read OurPact Review |
I chose these alternatives based on their popularity and feature sets that stand as viable options for those looking for robust parental control software beyond Qustodio. Some offer unique functionalities such as network security or voice recording, while others excel in location tracking or comprehensive activity reports. Most of these alternatives provide core parental control features like app management, time restrictions, and filters for internet usage.
1. Bark – Best For AI-Powered Social Media Monitoring (🌟 My Top Pick!)
Overview:
Bark is a leading parental control app in 2026, trusted by families who want smarter, privacy-respecting supervision.
Instead of reading every text, Bark’s AI scans for signs of bullying, predators, depression, or explicit content across 30+ popular apps and platforms, sending parents alerts only when it detects potential risks.
It balances safety and independence, making it perfect for households with older kids and teens.
Key Features:
- AI-driven detection across texts, DMs, and social media (Instagram, Snapchat, Discord, TikTok, etc.)
- Web and YouTube filtering with customizable screen-time schedules
- Real-time alerts for cyberbullying, sexting, or suicidal ideation
- One-tap pause for internet and device use
Pros:
- Excellent coverage of social and chat apps
- Smart alerts reduce over-monitoring
- Simple dashboard with digestible summaries
- Works seamlessly on Android, iOS, Chromebook, and desktop
Cons:
- Doesn’t provide full message visibility (alert-based system only)
- Setup takes longer for iOS due to API restrictions
Pricing:
From USD $14/month or $99/year, with a 7-day free trial.
Covers an unlimited number of child devices under one parent account.
2. Norton Family Premier – Best for Large Families with Extensive Device Coverage and In-Depth Reports
Overview
Norton Family Premier offers a broad set of features backed by a renowned cybersecurity company, making it ideal for large families. Between Qustodio vs Norton Family, it provides multi-device support, detailed reporting, robust web filtering, and location tracking, ensuring comprehensive oversight across numerous devices.
Key Features
- Unlimited device support
- Web filtering and safe search enforcement
- Screen time scheduling and activity monitoring
- Detailed usage and progress reports
- Location tracking and geofencing
Pros
- Extensive feature set
- Trusted security brand
- Scales well for large families
Cons
- Can be costly for premium features
- Free plan offers limited functionality
Pricing
- Free basic plan available
- Premium subscriptions start at approximately $49.99/year
3. Net Nanny – Best for Advanced Content Filtering with Real-Time Internet Monitoring
Overview
Net Nanny is a veteran in the parental control space, well-respected for its dynamic content filtering and time management features. It offers real-time internet monitoring to ensure safe browsing and effective screen time control, making it a powerful tool for content-focused parental control.
Key Features
- AI-driven real-time content filtering
- Customizable blocklists and categories
- Screen time management and scheduling
- Detailed activity reporting and alerts
- Cross-platform compatibility
Pros
- Highly effective filtering technology
- Customizable controls
- Strong reputation in online safety
Cons
- Higher subscription cost
- Some advanced setups can be complex
Pricing
- Free trial available
- Plans start at about $39.99/year
4. Kaspersky Safe Kids – Best for Comprehensive Protection with User-Friendliness
Overview
Kaspersky Safe Kids combines robust protection with user-friendliness, making it a standout alternative. Valued for its alert system, it offers comprehensive features including real-time GPS tracking, web filtering, and screen time management, ensuring reliable parental controls without a steep learning curve.
Key Features
- Web and app content filtering
- Real-time GPS tracking and geofencing
- Screen time management and scheduling
- Alerts for suspicious activities
- Social media monitoring
Pros
- Affordable and feature-rich
- Intuitive interface
- Strong alert and monitoring system
Cons
- Advanced features require a premium subscription
- Interface may feel less modern to some users
Pricing
- Free basic version available
- Premium subscription starts at approximately $15/year
5. FamiSafe – Best for Feature-Rich Protection Across Multiple Platforms
Overview
FamiSafe is a feature-rich alternative that provides comprehensive protection across various platforms. Comparing Qustodio vs Famisafe, it offers robust location tracking, screen time management, content filtering, and social media monitoring, making it a solid choice for modern families seeking extensive parental controls.
Key Features
- Real-time location tracking and geofencing
- Screen time management and scheduling
- Web content filtering
- App blocking and monitoring
- Social media monitoring
Pros
- Comprehensive feature set
- Intuitive interface
- Cross-platform support
Cons
- Some features require premium subscription
- Can consume more battery with constant tracking
Pricing
- Subscription-based, starting at around $9.99/month
6. OurPact – Best for Simple App Blocking and Customizable Screen Time Settings
Overview
OurPact is geared towards families looking for a simple interface with the ability to manage device access and tasks. It specializes in screen time scheduling and app management, allowing parents to grant or block access to specific apps and set screen time allowances directly from their smartphone.
Key Features
- Remote app blocking and approvals
- Screen time scheduling and daily limits
- Internet access blocking during designated times
- Usage reports and alerts
- Geofencing controls (premium)
Pros
- User-friendly and straightforward
- Flexible scheduling options
- Quick setup
Cons
- Limited features in the free tier
- Lacks comprehensive monitoring compared to competitors
Pricing
- Free tier available
- Premium plans start at about $6.99/month
7. iOS Screen Time – Best for Detailed Device Usage Insights on Apple Devices
Overview
iOS Screen Time offers detailed insights into device usage, making managing screen time on iPhones and iPads simpler. Integrated into iOS, it provides essential controls without the need for additional software, perfect for parents using Apple devices.
Key Features
- In-depth app usage statistics
- Screen time limits and downtime scheduling
- Content and privacy restrictions
- Family Sharing integration
- Real-time usage reports
Pros
- Native integration on iOS
- Free and easy to use
- Comprehensive usage insights
Cons
- Limited to Apple devices
- Lacks advanced features offered by third-party apps
Pricing
- Free (built into iOS)
8. Google Family Link – Best Free Option for Basic Parental Controls on Android and iPhone
Overview
Google Family Link is a free solution from a reputable brand, perfect for Android users looking to keep tabs on their children's device usage. It allows parents to manage app installations, set screen time limits, and monitor device activity effortlessly.
Key Features
- Manage app installations and permissions
- Set daily screen time limits and bedtimes
- Track device location
- Monitor app usage and activity reports
- Safe search enforcement
Pros
- Completely free and reliable
- Seamless integration with Android
- Simple and straightforward for basic controls
Cons
- Limited features on iOS devices
- Basic compared to more advanced parental control apps
Pricing
- Free
9. Aura Parental Controls – Best For All-In-One Cybersecurity And Parental Safety
Overview:
Aura brings together identity protection, device security, and parental monitoring in one subscription. Its Parental Controls module lets you set screen-time limits, block unsafe sites and apps, and receive alerts about online threats like cyberbullying or predatory behavior.
Key Features:
- Real-time alerts for unsafe or suspicious activity
- Screen-time scheduling and internet pause control
- Content filtering by category or keyword
- Integration with Aura’s VPN and identity-protection dashboard
Pros:
- Unified privacy + parental suite under one account
- Simple web and mobile dashboard
- Excellent value if you already use Aura’s security products
Cons:
- Lacks detailed chat or app-level reports compared with Bark or Qustodio
- Works best inside Aura’s paid ecosystem (less flexible as standalone)
Pricing:
- Kids Plan: USD $10 / month billed annually ($13 monthly)
- Family Plan: USD $32 / month annual ($50 monthly)
Includes a 14-day free trial
10. HomeGuard Activity Monitor – Best for Detailed Reports and Comprehensive Activity Monitoring
Overview
HomeGuard Activity Monitor is designed for meticulous parents who desire detailed reports and comprehensive activity monitoring. It provides in-depth insights into device usage and online behavior, making it a strong choice for those who want to dive deep into their children's activities.
Key Features
- Detailed activity monitoring and reporting
- Web filtering and safe search
- Screen time management
- App usage tracking
- Real-time alerts and logging
Pros
- Detailed and comprehensive reports
- Extensive filtering and monitoring capabilities
- Suitable for advanced parental oversight
Cons
- Interface may be complex for casual users
- Some features require a subscription
Pricing
- Free trial available
- Subscription plans start at approximately $20/year
Understanding Qustodio
In exploring the landscape of parental control solutions, I recognize Qustodio's robust feature set and versatile applications. My evaluation focuses on its functional capabilities, cost implications, and platform breadth.
Features and Capabilities
Qustodio stands out with its comprehensive monitoring tools, which include internet filtering, screen time management, and social media monitoring. Key features involve:
- Real-time location tracking
- Detailed activity reports
- Automated alerts and SOS panic button
These functionalities ensure that I have a close watch on how my child engages with digital environments, promoting a safer online experience.
Pricing Structure
Qustodio offers various plans to suit different family sizes and needs, including a free version with basic controls. Premium plans are structured as follows:
- Small Plan for up to 5 devices
- Medium Plan for up to 10 devices
- Large Plan for up to 15 devices
Each tier escalates in features and price, providing flexibility in choice depending on my budget and requirements.
Platform Compatibility
I find that Qustodio's cross-platform compatibility is one of its strongest attributes. It seamlessly operates on the following systems:
- Android
- iOS
- Windows
- MacOS
- Kindle
This extensive compatibility means I am able to implement Qustodio's protective measures across virtually all devices my child interacts with.
Criteria for Choosing Qustodio Alternatives
When evaluating alternatives to Qustodio for parental control software, it's vital to consider various specific functionalities and aspects that align with your needs. Here, I'll guide you through the key criteria that should influence your decision.
Filtering and Blocking Features
Filtering and blocking content is a cornerstone of parental control software. The ideal alternative should provide comprehensive filtering options that cover a wide range of online content, from adult websites to time-wasting distractions like certain gaming or social media sites. The ability to block applications and set time restrictions, similar to Qustodio's system, is also a crucial factor.
User Interface and Ease of Use
The user interface should be intuitive and user-friendly. An alternative to Qustodio must offer a streamlined setup process and a dashboard that makes monitoring and configuring settings simple, thus saving time and avoiding frustration.
Customizability
I look for high customizability in parental control tools to address the unique needs of each family or individual user. This includes customizable profiles for different children, adjustable filter settings, and the ability to tailor time limits based on the day of the week or special events.
Performance and Reliability
Lastly, the performance and reliability of the software are non-negotiable. The best Qustodio alternative must function seamlessly in the background without significant impact on device performance. Downtime and glitches should be minimal, ensuring continuous protection and monitoring as seen in robust security solutions.
Free Qustodio Alternatives
When it comes to managing and monitoring online activity for children, cost can be a concern. Fortunately, there are free alternatives to Qustodio that can still provide a level of control and peace of mind for parents.
1. KidLogger
For those interested in monitoring the amount of time their children spend on their devices, KidLogger alternative might be the answer. It offers detailed activity tracking, including which applications are used and for how long.
2. OpenDNS FamilyShield
I've found that OpenDNS FamilyShield is a reliable and straightforward choice for filtering web content and a great Qustodio alternative. It's easy to set up and works at the network level, which means it can protect all devices connected to your home Wi-Fi, including tablets, smartphones, and gaming consoles.
3. Kiddoware's Kid’s Place
If you’re looking for a solution that creates a child-friendly environment on the device itself, Kid’s Place is a robust app launcher that effectively turns a device into a safe zone for children. It restrains access to approved apps and prevents children from downloading new ones.
Device-Specific Alternatives
Navigating the landscape of parental control applications, I quickly recognize that each operating system has its own set of dedicated options. These solutions often provide a more seamless integration with the devices they are created for.
1. iOS Screen Time
Apple's iOS Screen Time feature allows me to monitor and limit my child's device usage directly within the iOS operating system. With iOS Screen Time, I can easily set app limits, schedule downtime, and review activity reports.
2. Google Family Link
Google Family Link is the go-to option for Android devices. I can approve or block app downloads, manage screen time, and locate my child's device. Furthermore, it provides an insightful activity report that helps me understand my child's device usage patterns.
3. Amazon FreeTime
For parents using Amazon's ecosystem, Amazon FreeTime (also known as Amazon Kids) offers robust parental controls. With FreeTime, I can create child profiles, set educational goals, and manage content access on Amazon devices.
Evaluating Qustodio Alternatives
When looking for alternatives to Qustodio, I consider key aspects such as the feature set, user satisfaction, and the balance between functionality and simplicity.
Comparative Analysis
I start by comparing the features offered by Qustodio with those of other parental control software. A tool like Cisco Umbrella is an alternative that stands out due to its comprehensive internet filtering capabilities. My comparison includes criteria like internet filtering efficacy, time management features, and the ability to monitor and control device usage.
Features of Best Alternative:
- Internet Filtering: How robust is the filtering compared to Qustodio?
- Time Management: Are there advanced limits and scheduling options?
- Device Monitoring: How detailed and intuitive are the monitoring features?
User Reviews and Ratings
User feedback is crucial in assessing the reliability of these alternatives. Websites like TrustPilot provide me with insight into actual user experiences. I examine overall satisfaction scores and individual reviews to understand how software performs in real-world usage.
User Satisfaction Metrics:
- Average Rating: Factors in all user scores for a balanced view.
- Review Highlights: Points out specific praises or concerns from users.
Pros and Cons
I break down the strengths and weaknesses of Qustodio's competitors. This approach allows me to provide a straightforward comparison which enables me to see specific pros such as ease of use, and cons such as potentially limited reporting capabilities.
Strengths and Weaknesses:
- Pros: Highlighting what each alternative does better than Qustodio.
- Cons: Noting where they fall short by comparison.
Privacy and Security Concerns
When evaluating alternatives to Qustodio, it's essential to consider how the apps manage user data and the security measures they have in place to protect it.
Data Storage and Sharing Policies
I always recommend reading the fine print regarding data storage and sharing policies of any parental control software. For instance, Qustodio provides an overview of their data handling practices. When looking at alternatives, it's crucial to check whether they have clear policies that outline what data is collected, how it's stored, and if it's shared with third parties.
Encryption and Safety Features
Another layer of scrutiny should be applied to an app's encryption and safety features. Any robust alternative should ensure that data in transit and at rest are encrypted. Sometimes encryption is often discussed, but details matter. Look for specifics, such as the use of AES 256-bit encryption or similar standards, which indicates a high level of security.
Implementing Qustodio Alternatives
When adopting a Qustodio alternative for parental control, I consider the ease of installation, the customization of profiles and restrictions, and the tools available for ongoing management. This ensures a smooth transition and effective oversight.
Installation Process
To begin with an alternative such as Cisco Umbrella, I first ensure that my device meets the necessary system requirements. I then download and run the installer, following the on-screen instructions to complete the setup. It's vital to confirm that the software is compatible with all devices I intend to monitor.
Setting Up Profiles and Restrictions
Once installed, I create individual profiles for each user. For example, with an option like Google Family Link, I assign devices to the profiles and tailor the restrictions — such as web filtering and time limits — to each user's needs. I pay close attention to the specific features and limitations offered by different tools to suit my family's requirements.
Ongoing Management and Monitoring
Managing an alternative solution requires a dashboard that provides real-time data and control over the restrictions I set. I check for reports or alerts on usage and intervene when necessary. The capability for ongoing monitoring of digital habits is a critical aspect of my chosen tool, ensuring that I can adapt settings in response to changing online behaviors and threats.
Conclusion and Personal Recommendation
After testing every major Qustodio alternative 2026, one app consistently stands out above the rest: Bark.
It’s the smartest, most adaptable option for modern families — using AI to flag issues like bullying, predators, or harmful content across 30+ social platforms while respecting your child’s privacy.
Instead of reading every message, you get instant, meaningful alerts — helping you step in when it matters most.
For parents who prefer a more traditional setup, Kaspersky Safe Kids and Norton Family Premier remain excellent alternatives — but Bark delivers the best mix of insight, simplicity, and long-term value.
If you’re only going to choose one parental control app this year, make it Bark — because it’s the one that truly adapts to how kids connect today.
Frequently Asked Questions
When exploring the realm of online safety, it's essential to have clear and reliable information. I've compiled the most common inquiries about parental control software, focusing on alternatives to Qustodio, and provided straightforward answers.
What are the top alternatives to Qustodio for online safety?
The leading alternatives to Qustodio include software like Cisco Umbrella for web filtering and DNS security services. Others offer various levels of monitoring and control, seeking to match Qustodio's comprehensive features.
How does Net Nanny compare with other parental control software?
Net Nanny is often complimented for its robust screen time management and location tracking features. It stands on par with top competitors, including Qustodio, especially considering its screen time management, location tracking, and content filtering capabilities.
What features should the best parental control app have?
An effective parental control app should include content and app filters, device monitoring, screen time control, real-time alerts, and multi-device support. Qustodio is known to cover these essentials well, ensuring a comprehensive approach to online safety.
Are there effective parental control apps available for free?
Yes, there are free parental control apps that offer basic features, but their effectiveness varies. Cisco Umbrella, mentioned as a popular alternative, provides certain free features.
Can parental control apps like Bark provide better monitoring than Qustodio?
Comparing Qustodio vs Bark, Bark specializes in monitoring social media, emails, and texts, and it is recognized for detailed activity reports. When it comes to certain monitoring features, Bark may have an edge over Qustodio.
Which parental control software is the most difficult for tech-savvy kids to bypass?
While no software is completely foolproof, premium parental control tools are generally more challenging to bypass due to their advanced features and frequent updates. Qustodio ranks high in terms of complexity and resistance to tech-savvy children's attempts to circumvent restrictions.
That’s All For Now
The best parental control app is the one that fits your family’s rhythm. Whether you value smart alerts, simple time limits, or full-scale reporting, these tools can help you create a safer, more balanced digital space.
Technology protects — but your ongoing involvement empowers.
Focus: Parental Control and Monitoring Software. Kevin Bong contributes to Impulsec’s reviews of parental control and monitoring software. His work focuses on researching product features, usage limitations, safety considerations, and real-world suitability for families. At Impulsec, Kevin’s contributions help ensure that reviews consider ethical use, transparency, and practical expectations rather than promotional claims.